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2(c). This measurement campaign was conducted in the same location as before. 11b can be identified: one channel is more intensively used because this is the channel at which the corporate WLAN was set up in the office where the measurements were taken, while the other two channels are less aggressively used. The three UMTS broadcast channels of the three 3G operators in Switzerland are visible, but not much client activity can be seen. This lack of UMTS activity for all 3G operators in early 2006 confirms the slow take up of 3G clients at that time, after the UMTS services were started.

The economic benefits for new spectrum users are used to collect an additional usage fee in order to compensate for the economic losses of the incumbent radio system. 0 GHz for outdoor WLAN in metropolitan areas from being licensed for fixed microwave station for telecommunication business by 2005, is a first example of implementing such a compensation system. 6 PR China In the Peoples’ Republic of China, radio spectrum is regulated on two levels: the Ministry of Information Industry (MII) and its radio regulatory department are responsible for nationwide regulation, while local radio regulation institutions realize state regulation and administer regional regulation in the various provinces.

2. However, with such an approach, spectrum resources are sometimes wasted for various reasons. 2 Radio spectrum is licensed to traditional communication systems Firstly, any economic failure of licensed radio services and systems may lead to unused spectrum. For example, at the time of writing, WiMAX appears to be commercially unsuccessful. WiMAX spectrum has been allocated and licensed in many countries, but appears not to be utilized at all by nationwide network operators. WiMAX spectrum is hence considered wasted for the time being.